NOV 27: Winning all the trophies

NOVEMBER 27, 1956 | NEW YORK, NY – When Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Don Newcombe won the Cy Young award on this date in 1956 he became the only player in major league baseball history to win all 3 major post-season awards: Rookie of the Year (1949), Cy Young Award (1956), Most Valuable Player (also in 1956).

Newcombe was among a handful of Black Negro League stars finally invited to the “White” majors after Jackie Robinson broke the “color barrier” in 1947. According to SABR (the Society for American baseball research), Newcombe was the third black pitcher to appear in a major league game after Dan Bankhead and Satchel Paige.

Contributing Sources:
Don Newcombe bio
Dan Bankhead career stats
Satchel Paige career stats 
Jackie Robinson’s Legacy 

May 8: Plot Against Jackie Robinson?

MAY 8, 1947 | BROOKLYN, NEW YORK – On this date in 1947 the sports editor of the New York Herald Tribune claimed to have uncovered a plot to put Jackie Robinson back behind the color barrier. Robinson played his first game for the Brooklyn Dodgers three weeks earlier. The thrust of sports editor Stanley Woodward’s story is that some members of the St. Louis Cardinals threatened to strike rather than play a team with a black player. Woodward reported that the alleged strike was thwarted by a stern warning from Cardinal team owner Sam Breadon that the league would suspend any player taking part in a strike. Breadon and others denied that any of what Woodward wrote ever took place, but several players were known to be vehemently opposed to Robinson playing and discussions of some kind of job action were not unheard of.

Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in 1947 wasn’t the end of racism in baseball, in many ways it was just the beginning. Before April 15, 1947 there were no blacks in the game to put down, insult, threaten or force to stay in separate hotels. When Robinson began playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers White baseball and White America had to confront its racism. Some of it was ugly.

And some of it was hopeful, such as later that May in Cincinnati. Robinson was being taunted mercilessly until shortstop and team captain Pee Wee Reese, a White man from Kentucky, walked across the infield and put his arm around Robinson’s shoulder to show baseball and all of America that a White man born in segregated Ekron, Kentucky and a black man born in Cairo, Georgia were in this together.

CONTRIBUTING SOURCES:
The Era: 1947-1957: When the Yankees, Dodgers and Giants Ruled the World, by Roger Kahn
Baseball’s Greatest Experiment: Jackie Robinson and his Great Legacy, by Jules Tygie

July 21 in baseball history: Last team to integrate

JULY 21, 1959 • CHICAGO, ILLINOIS – Elijah “Pumpsie” Green was put in as a pinch runner for the Boston Red Sox on this night in 1959. The Red Sox became the last team to integrate. It completed what Jackie Robinson started in 1947. Every other major league team had had an African American in the lineup by this time, except the Red Sox.

It was a bumpy road for Green through the Red Sox system. He was invited to training camp in Scottsdale, Arizona that spring and reportedly had a good one, but was sent to the Red Sox minor league team in Minneapolis to start the season.

The Boston chapter of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) asked for an investigation to determine if Green had been discriminated against as a player and in the housing he was provided. According to a July 22, 1959 United Press International story, the Red Sox said “they would call a Negro player when they developed one of major league caliber in their farm system.” The Red Sox now believed they had “a Negro of major league caliber,” and the team was cleared of discrimination.

Here are the first Black players (in the modern era*) for each team and the season of their first game:

Jackie Robinson
Larry Doby
Hank Thompson
Monte Irvin
Sam Jethroe
Minnie Minoso
Bob Trice
Ernie Banks
Curt Roberts
Tom Alston
Nino Escalera
Chuck Harmon
Carlos Paula
Elston Howard
John Kennedy
Ozzie Virgil
Pumpsie Green
Brooklyn , 1947
Cleveland , 1947
St. Louis , 1947
New York Giants, 1949
Boston Braves, 1950
Chicago White Sox, 1951
Philadelphia Athletics, 1953
Chicago Cubs 1953
Pittsburgh , 1954
St. Louis Cardinals, 1954
Cincinnati Reds, 1954
Cincinnati Reds, 1954
Washington Senators 1954
New York Yankees, 1955
Philadelphia Phillies, 1957
Detroit Tigers, 1958
Boston Red Sox

*Blacks were not allowed to play in the major leagues from the late 1800s until Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in 1947 because of a “gentleman’s agreement” between the owners.

CONTRIBUTING SOURCES:
Baseball-Almanac famous firsts
United Press International, July 22, 1959
Cap Anson, instigator of the Gentleman’s Agreement

A STORY FROM APRIL 15 IN BASEBALL HISTORY-JACKIE ROBINSON MAKES HISTORY

TODAY IN BASEBALL TAKES US TO BROOKLYN, NEW YORK APRIL 15, 1947 – Jackie Robinson made history on this date, becoming the first Black man to play Major League Baseball. He went hitless, but handled 11 chances at first base to help the Brooklyn Dodgers (today’s Los Angeles Dodgers) beat the Boston Braves (today’s Atlanta Braves) 5-3.

Technically, Jackie Robinson was not first Black major leaguer. There were others, but you had to go back to the late 1800s to find them. An unwritten “gentleman’s agreement” created a color barrier in major league baseball from roughly the late 1880s until 1947.

Many point the finger at Chicago White Stockings (the modern day Cubs) star Cap Anson for leading the charge to exclude Blacks. The story is, Anson refused to take the field in an 1883 exhibition game against the Toledo Blue Stockings because they had an African American catcher. Even if true, Anson was certainly not alone in his bigotry. By the end of the decade the “gentleman’s agreement” was in force barring teams from signing Black players. The color barrier lasted until the Dodgers’ Branch Rickey signed Jackie Robinson in 1947.

Ironically, the Black player Cap Anson reportedly threatened a boycott over was probably the smartest man on the field. Moses Fleetwood Walker studied Greek, French, German, Latin and math at Oberlin College in Ohio before going to law school at the University of Michigan. But on this date, Jackie Robinson makes history.

Additional Source:
Spalding’s World Tour, Page 68, by Mark Lamster, 2006

DEC 2 IN BASEBALL HISTORY: RUNNING OFF AT THE MOUTH

DECEMBER 2, 1952 | PHOENIX, ARIZONA – New York Yankees manager Casey Stengel went on a verbal rampage on this date in 1952. His running off at the mouth was targeted at several teams and Jackie Robinson.

Robinson, who became the major league’s first Black player five years earlier, stirred up emotions a few days earlier by criticizing the Yankees for not having hired a Black player. According to the United Press news service, while at a banquet in Phoenix Stengel let fly:

“I don’t care who you are in this organization, you’re going to get along and make the big team if you’ve got the ability. We’ve got good coaches, a good front office, good scouts and good minor league managers, and we’re not going to play a sap at second base just because somebody said we ought to put him there.”

Even after Robinson broke the color barrier in 1947 it took a while for most teams to integrate. The Cleveland Indians and St. Louis Browns also integrated in ’47, but it took thirteen more years for all sixteen teams to put African Americans on their rosters.

Stengel also lashed out at the Cleveland Indians boss,

“Why does Hank Greenberg of Cleveland say, ‘I hate the Yankees?’ He should say that he ought to hate himself for not winning the pennant with the kind of a pitching staff he’s got. When do teams in this day fail to win pennants with three twenty-game winners on their pitching staff. The Yankee players don’t hate the Cleveland players, they hate you Mr. Greenberg.”

Stengel also blasted Washington Senators owner Clark Griffith who had accused the Yankees of shady dealing in going after one of their players.

The Yankee manager finished running off at the mouth by promising a 5th straight American League pennant in 1953, which is exactly what the Yankees did, and went on to win their fifth straight World Series.

Contributing Sources:
Carl Lundquist, United Press (UP), December 3, 1952
When teams integrated
World Series results